The NRRP, going towards Sustainability. Focus on Piedimont. – The role of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), as regards the response that has been created following the pandemic, urges the long-standing processes in European planning. The pandemic has accelerated smart behaviours and the NRRP is the operational means of this programming for the choices that will be made in the next two or three years, which will define Italy’s future in the energy transition as well as some of its important regional specializations. The response to the crisis caused by the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic has accelerated and induced the European Union to respond to the dictates enclosed in the UN 2030 Agenda in response to climate change and the social and economic needs that are considered fundamental for the global stability and peace. From the point of view of sustainability, the data of Piedmont compared to the Italian average attest the Region in 8th place out of 20 Regions (IRES 2020, 2021). The answer largely depends on the indicators chosen. In 2020, the National Table for the implementation of the SNSvS selected 43 indicators in order to monitor the 17 Goals of the 2030 Agenda. These 43 indicators incorporate some of the Fair and Sustainable Well-being indicators. This ensured greater significance at the national level and allowed greater comparability with the European and international level of the Piedmont Region.

Convergence of web design and spatial, statistical, genomic and epidemiological information: the case of geo-dashboards in the Covid-19 crisis. – In response to the Covid-19 outbreak several organizations, as well as private citizens, considered the opportunity to design and publish online geospatial dashboards (geo-dashboard), blending geographical, graphical and statistical representation approaches. In particular, in this paper geo-dashboards are reviewed and conceptualized in the framework of online explanatory data visualization tools and GIS. The study presents the analysis of a significant number of relevant publicly available geo-dashboards to track, visualize, and communicate indicators related to the epidemic outbreak. Covid-19 is a significant case study on how and how much public communication in a pandemic crisis uses spatially related data and technique.

Ten years of commissioner for the medical emergency in Calabria: dozens of dead people due to the Covid-19/ a medical crisis will become an economic crisis. – Pandemics are too complex to be left only to a medical science and must be addressed with a systems approach, necessary in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the epidemic Covid-19 in Calabria, because of a previous crisis both of the medical and socio economic systems. Medical system is only one of the problems to reflect upon the post emergency management: it must be integrated and related with others, to understand and to manage the processes that pandemic will continuously create in different ways in the different lands. Contamination's map and epidemic effects must consider the global crisis problems and reshape them in local key. In Calabria these aspects are both managerial of the emergency and operational to the economic, political and social sectors. Only the link and the consultation among the different sectors will offer the space-tome chances to get out from the current medical crisis and to face up to next economic crisis.

Some “precedents” of Covid-19 amidst geography, history, diffusion, and contain-ment. – The epidemics which throughout history have caused the deaths of thousands of people always find a common denominator in the travelling and moving about of people and goods. The contrasting actions re-call consolidated procedures, the memory of which has since been lost. Covid-19 has shed light on these aspects, related here to two historical cases: the plague of 1348 that from Asia reached Italy and Europe, and the one that spread to Alghero in 1582, relevant for the way in which the containment measures adopted – a sort of compulsory quarantine, similar to our red zones and lockdowns but applied with greater severity – succeeded in preventing the spread of the contagion beyond the city walls. By re-interpreting the data in geographical terms, this work aims to contribute to the analysis of the plagues from a geo-historic perspective, with the intention of verifying whether the spread, development and ef-fects of these phenomena have common trends, while taking into ac-count the different socio-economic and territorial aspects that characterize the various contexts.

Urban solidarity networks as antidote for global epidemics. – The Covid-19 emergency leads us to reflect upon the issues related to the unpredicta-bility and exceptionality of the phenomenon, introducing new reforms that are in stark contrast with the practices of local contexts. In this sce-nario the city can become the place where the “metabolization” of crisis phenomena takes place through widespread forms of adaptation. The study aims to analyze the practices that are being experimented in this period in order to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. We speak of tactics aimed at building networks of urban solidarity, guaranteeing subsistence services to citizens and promoting practices of mutualism and collaboration aimed at codifying new forms of social capital. Through solidarity networks examples, the research highlights how forms of active territoriality can contribute to the resilience of the urban system in times of crisis.

Shipwreck with Spectator: Epidemics and Society in the Ancient World. – Starting from the meaning of the Greek word epidemia, the paper highlights its topographical and social connotation (“stay at home, stay in a city”), from Homer to Hippocrates. It then moves on to scrutinize some of the most impactful epidemic events in ancient Greece and Rome, focusing on their social and political consequences, on the geographic spread and the medical features. These events are the Athenian plague of 431 BCE, the epidemic cough of Perinthos as told by Hippocrates, and the Antoninian plague in Rome around 166 CE; the paper also recalls the so-called plague of Justinian, whose fateful aftermath has been often related to the end of the Roman empire. A possible connection is also discussed between the Antoninian plague in Rome and a very similar epidemics taking place in the same years in China, at a time when the first direct contacts between the two empires were established. Eventually, a reflec-tion upon the different perceptions of an epidemics is offered.

 

New spatialities at the time of Covid-19: the case of Genoa. – The Covid-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on Liguria’s and Genoa’s population in terms of infections rate and associated fatalities, both due to the links with other regions of Northern Italy and the old population. Following national lockdown measurements, the population had to face dramatic changes in habits and everyday life. The paper looks at the impact that the lockdown measurements had on spatiality and everyday life in Genoa’s neighbourhoods. A survey has been carried out among a representa-tive sample of Genoa’s population. The results are analysed also in terms of their spatial distribution, showing the different impact that the lockdown measurements had in the city’s neighbourhoods.

The effects of the diffusion of Covid-19 on the production situation in Campania. – The effects of the Covid-19 epidemic in the Campania region, less relevant than in the central and northern regions in terms of number of infections and specific mortality per 1,000 inhabitants, however, had an impact which, measured on the basis of income production and occupation, they came already profiling at the conclusion of the lockdown imposed on the population and production activities, extremely serious. The purpose of this contribution is to assess, on the basis of the first surveys made available, and on the basis of the analysis of the state of the regional economy and of the employment levels measurable on values referring to 2019, to what extent the region will face the situation following the first epidemic phase. In particular, the initiatives (including economic ones) put in place or planned by the regional territorial institutions and by the measures on a national scale falling within the socalled decrees “cure Italy” and “relaunch”. Attention is paid to the tourism sector and related activities, in the awareness that today the greatest suffering is showing.

Geographical barriers: borders versus frontiers. Significance and impact postCovid-19. – This work aims to study geographical barriers by analyzing the duplicity of geographical status which see them divided into two qualities marked by the terms border and frontier. Trying to read the different impacts that follow on communities and territories. By studying how these geographical status of barriers have changed following globalization. How they are returning after the epidemic from Covid-19. Analyzing the consequences in relation to the space-time compression caused by globalization and regarding the geopolitical and socio-cultural strategic dynamics of states.

Pandemic crisis and economic crisis. The historiographical debate on the effects of the Black Death. – The great plague which hit Europe from 1348 has long been at the core of different historiographical interests. Alongside research focusing on the demographic consequences of the plague, other studies examined strictly epidemiologic issues, the socio-political effects of the crisis, or its „emotive‟ impact in the long term. Among the questions taken into consideration, the relationship between plague and economic trends has obviously played a crucial part. The essay aims to look at this debate, especially highlighting the significant interpretative changes which emerged in the past few decades. The gloomy picture of the post-plague economy, marked by a long decline, has now been replaced by a more optimistic view, which tends to underline the positive consequences brought about by the demographic drop in the medium-long term: in terms of wage growth, for instance, or increase in consumption, but also of the weakening of aristocratic control over peasants‟ work, processes of productive specialization, and the increase of commercial exchange.

Covid-19 between north and south of the world. – The article takes on a dialectical and relational vision of the metabolic relationship with nature. In this perspective, viruses are constantly changing in order to survive and the circumstances in which a mutation becomes dangerous depend on human actions. What are the factors that contribute to the spread of epidemics and their rapid transformation into pandemic event? A possible answer is precisely in the historical process: when geographic boundaries become blurred and the world is interconnected, pathogens spread faster, because they travel with goods, animals, plants and with man. And the human being is a node of relationships in all directions, beyond time and space. If we are able to recognize the value and dignity of every human being, we will have started to defeat the pandemic.

Geographical scattering in the inner areas in the diffusion of covid-2019. –Regarding the high probability, highlighted by the epidemiologists regarding the repetition in the near future of other epidemic events, this contribution is aimed to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary preventive strategy. This value was declined according to the specific geographical perspective, offering some ideas on phenomena typically subject to study of the discipline that could for the future constitute an important source of direction in the system of support for strategic decisions of a medical-political type used during pandemic phenomena.
Particularly, the phenomenon of the geographical scattering characterizing the internal areas was investigated, which unfortunately has been confirmed in the real spread of the Covid-19 epidemic.