Migrate from Europe to Syria: From Foreign Fighter to Returner. – The theme dealt with in this paper concerns the migration flows of european foreign fighters to territories controlled by jihadist organizations in Syria and repatriations. Ffs were analyzed both with reference to the recruitment phase and in relation to the quantification of flows and the identification of the geographic arteries undertaken to reach Syria. Also through the direct testimony of the ffs it was possible to outline the profile of men, women and children and their role within the Islamic State. This also made it possible to analyze the relationships between IS, Syria and Turkey with reference to illicit trafficking and to analyze the relationship between the shari’a finance and jihadist groups. Finally, the flows of returnees were examined with reference to their quantification and to the problems related to their reintegration in Europe.

Religious Fundamentalisms, Space and Territory: an Emblematic Case. – The article, starting from a brief review of religious fundamentalisms, focuses on the Salafist form and, in particular, on the peculiar significance given to territory by the so called "Islamic State" of Iraq and Syria. Major emphasis is given to the difference between the concept of "State", as a specific territory clearly defined by boundaries, and the Islamic concepts of umma and dawla (the Arabic word approximately translating "State"), which refer to non-territorial entities in continuous expansion and change. It is indeed the existence of boundaries, and specifically those established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916, which appear as one of the main "enemies" of Al-Baghdadi's New Caliphate. The article also review the problem of the so called "foreign fighters" who, coming from a diasporic and, therefore, non-territorial dimension, seem particularly appropriate to the objectives of a political entity whose main characteristics are territorial indefiniteness and opposition to boundaries.